History Today Essay

  History Today is actually a magazine, and historytoday. com is its website. The purpose of the website is to target the global audience and to publicize or introduce the magazine to them. 5. Yes, i believe the website is easy to read, with appropriate ads spaced on the sides, the layout is professional and pages are easy to follow, with drop down menus popping out when the cursor is moved to the various sections of the website which also makes it easier to navigate through different pages. The links are all up and running as they should. 6. Even though the website has the names of all the production team and editorial advisory board listed, no email addresses or contact numbers are given on the website. 7. The website i believe is current, however, this particular article i am looking into was published in 2007. 1. The website provides access to some of the articles that were initially published in the magazine. Data sources would mainly include both primary and secondary sources of information, as well as independent interpretations of historical events or personalities. Eventhough the website doesn’t include visual images, the actual magazine ‘History Today’ does. 2. Yes i believe the website is objective and free from any bias, as the page i happened to run into mentions both sides of the arguments. For example, the brief literature part of the original article says that yet, it is also necessary to explore the self-destructive qualities of Napoleon’s character. 3. NOTE: I dont know anything about your textbook, so i cannot answer this Question 4. Eventhough, the site only contained a small extract of the real article, it is useful for people who are looking towards finding a small hint on a topic related to history. Further details are present in the magazine itself. I would definitely recommend this website to any friend intersted in getting some insight onto a topic that directly or indirectly relates to history.

Financial Intermediary Essay

A financial intermediary is an organization that raises money from investors and provides financing for individuals, companies and other organizations. A financial intermediary is typically an institution that facilitates the channeling of funds between lenders and borrowers indirectly. That is, savers (lenders) give funds to an intermediary institution (such as banks), and then that institution in turn gives those funds to spenders (borrowers). This may be in the form of loans or mortgages. For corporations, intermediaries are important sources of financing. Intermediaries are a stop on the road between savings and real investments. The financial intermediaries in turn raise funds, often in small amounts, from individual households. Two important classes of financial intermediaries include mutual funds and pension funds along with Credit unions and Brokerage houses. Financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies are not only financial intermediaries but they also provide other financial services such as loaning out money to individuals and businesses. KEY FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES The basic function of financial intermediaries is to provide financial assistance to organizations and individuals. So, financial intermediaries help pool resources from households mostly, and then use these resources issuing them as loans to organizations or invest it in equities. They also contribute in many other ways to our individual well-being and the smooth functioning of the economy. Thus, another important function that emanates from the basic function of issuing cash to businesses is the efficient utilization of one’s savings. This helps increase the overall economic stability and improves the overall efficiency of the economy. Another important function provided by financial intermediaries is the absorption of risk. These intermediaries issue loans and invest money at their own risk, and are legally liable to pay them back to the initial investors incase of loss. Similarly, incase of mutual funds, risk is reduced by efficient and professional portfolio management which results in a high degree of diversification. The portfolio type varies with respect to how risk-averse or contrary the investor may be. Financial Intermediaries also act as a market for Firm’s Assets. Financial intermediaries appear to have a key role in the restructuring and liquidation of firms in distress. In particular, there is rich evidence that financial intermediaries play an active role in the reallocation of displaced capital, meant both as the piece-meal reallocation of assets (such as the redeployment of individual plants) and, more broadly, as the sale of entire bankrupt corporations to healthy ones. A key part of reorganization under main bank supervision or management is the implementation of a plan of asset sales with proceeds typically used to recover bank loans. Financial intermediaries arise as internal, centralized markets where information on machines and buyers is readily available, allowing displaced capital to migrate towards its most productive uses. Financial intermediaries can perform this role by aggregating the information on firms collected in the credit market. The function of intermediaries as matchmakers between savers and firms in the credit market can support their function as internal markets for assets. Intuitively, by increasing the number of highly productive matches in the credit market, intermediaries increase the share of highly productive second hand users in the decentralized resale market. This improvement in the quality of the decentralized secondary market reduces the incentive of firms to address financial intermediaries for their ability as re-deployers. However, by increasing the number of highly productive matches in the credit market, intermediaries create also wealthy buyers without assets and contribute to decrease the thickness of the decentralized resale market. This makes the decentralized market less appealing and increases the incentive of firms to use intermediaries as resale markets. CONCLUSION All in all, financial intermediaries play a very important role in optimizing the performance of firms in the corporate sector and to help individuals and households to manage their savings better and to ensure them minimum and least amount of risk in doing so. REFERENCE Brealey, Richard A. , Myers, Stewart C. & Marcus, Alan J. (2001). Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill.

Walmart and Employee Job satisfaction Research Paper

Walmart and Employee Job satisfaction - Research Paper Example Therefore, it has become a challenge for the human resource department and the management to make sure that the employees of the organization are motivated so that they are able to produce good results for the organization. This paper is about Wal-Mart which employs more than 2,000,000 employees all over America. The organization is facing employee has been facing employee dissatisfaction and low morale among its employee in several states in which it has its retail outlets. Employees are not happy with Wal-Mart because they say that it does not treat its employees. Workplace morale is essential for productive performance which is crucial for a company to succeed, but pitiable management results in unconstructive attitudes and performance at work (Sherman & Chappell, 1998). Low Morale Employees are frequently absent and do not like to come to work because they suffer from low morale because they feel that Wal-Mart is not appreciative of their hard work and their intense efforts at th e workplace. This absenteeism has caused undue pressure on other employees who have to do the work of two or three persons without any tangible benefits. Wal-Mart employees are not properly trained or empowered to handle the extra work and pressure which has caused low morale in most retail outlets (Latimer, Hempson, & Kendrick, 2011). Low morale of employees at Wal-Mart has caused employees to squabble and fight among themselves. Moreover, management of the Wal-Mart has not been successful in addressing this problem because they too lack the training to implement fair dispute resolutions. Despite Wal-Mart’s claim of 86% employee satisfaction, the attitude, body language and work performance of the employees do not substantiate this claim (Niesing, 2008). Low Wages Although Wal-Mart is one of the largest retailer’s in the world, its employees are among the lowest anywhere in America. Because of very low salaries and benefits Wal-Mart employees occasionally organize foo d drives for themselves as their extremely low wages create great hardships, and they are unable to meet expenses. Naturally when employees cannot make ends meet and are under constant financial pressure, then morale takes a nosedive. Morale had been quite low at Wal-Mart since the 1970’s when prices of all essential items registered a very sharp rise (Feenstra, 1998). Because of the low wages at Wal-Mart, the employees are forced to get government assistance in the form of food stamps and other subsidies. The wages paid by the corporation are not enough for even a single person to support himself, so it is not possible that a typical Wal-Mart employee could support a family without government assistance (Goetz & Swaminathan, 2006). Forbidden to form Unions Forming of Unions is explicitly forbidden for the employees for collective negotiations of their demands. Wal-Mart has issued statements that 86% of its employees are quite satisfied and happy with their jobs. If this is a fact, then Wal-Mart should allow the formation of unions without aggressive management interference. . When seeking employment at any retail outlet, the applicants are well aware of the fact that even discussion about unionization can get them instantly terminated. Despite this, with all the criticism that people have about the organization, it is an established fact that for any Wal Mart store that

The Enhancing Community Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Enhancing Community Health - Essay Example Presently, the consumers have been deciphering a greater inclination towards eco-friendly products and are also willing to pay more for these products, deciphering a quality concerned attitude rather than a price-centric motive. On the global context, individuals are immensely attracted to eco-friendly commodities for safety and health concerns. Subsequently, increased consumptions of eco-friendly products have assisted in maintaining the health of the community, which denotes that there might be a linkage between community health and the purchase trends deciphered by consumers to favor eco-friendly products (Connolly & Prothero, 2010). Correspondingly, the essay emphasizes on determining the impact of individual decisions in relation to eco-friendly commodity choices towards the health of the community. The demand for products and/or services if often argued to be depending on the needs as well as preferences of individuals in the worldwide market segments. Reflecting on the same concern, the report published by the European Commission (2006) signified that decisions of individuals are based on different factors, which commonly include product information and product preferences. The consumers are thus concentrated towards social and environmental developments due to increased concern of climate changes. Moreover, individuals are also perceived to make their purchase decisions based on safety and health factors that are attached to products and/or services. In this regard, the consumers in the worldwide market segments are encouraged towards consuming healthier as well as quality products (European Commission, 2006). According to Ahmad & Juhdi (2008), in the recent era, individuals are identified to change their lifestyle and are decisive in making purchases of products and/or serv ices for self-fulfillment. Individuals make purchase decisions of eco-friendly products due to increased concern towards environmental factors and their accountability towards its stability.

Autophagy in cancer( colonic adenoma and adenocarcinoma) Literature review

Autophagy in cancer( colonic adenoma and adenocarcinoma) - Literature review Example From this point, it is evident that the microvasculature of the tumor tissue is actually structurally and functionally deficient and hence is unable to provide blood supply that is prerequisite for appropriate tissue growth. To support this fact, there is evidence that some tumors, like the pancreas cancers are actually hypovascular (Sato et al, 2007). These conditions contribute to hyponutrient state of the tumor. However, for hypoproliferation, excess nutrient supply is mandatory and hence tumor cells are likely to use alternative source of energy and nutrients or some alternative metabolic process for the purpose. One such metabolic process is autophagy. There is evidence that some cancers, like the colon cancer, are resistant to nutrition depletion state and continue to thrive because of this metabolic process (Sato et al, 2007). Autophagy is a catabolic process that is conserved in which the organelles of the cells are self-digested. The first step in autophagy is development of isolation membrane, a lipid bilayer structure. This membrane sequesters various materials of the cytoplasm like the organelles to form autophagosomes. This step involves activation of LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast ATG8 through an ubiquitination-like reaction that is regulated by ATG3 and 7. During activation, the proform of LC3 is cleaved into LC3-I which is soluble unlike the proform. This is then further modified into LC3-II which is membrane-bound form. This form is finally recruited by the autophagosomes which engulf the organelles (Rosenfeldt and Ryan, 2009). The engulfed organelles further fuse with the lysosomes and then mature into autolysosomes. This step also causes autodigestion and diminision of LC3 and also various other components of autophagosome. Thus autophagy has an important role to play in the provision of nutrition to cells during shortage of external supply of nutrition. Following autodigestion, aminoacids are released from the organelles and they are th e alternative sources of energy to the proliferative and nutrient deficient cells. Though, theoretically, this explanation seems logical with reference to nutrition supply to cancer cells in unfavorable environment, several controversial arguments have arisen in this regard. Some researchers are of the opinion that autophagic machinery may not be activated in cancer tissue contexts (Sato et al, 2007). However, there is enough evidence to point the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of colon cancers. In this literature review the role of autophagy in the proliferation and thriving of colon cancers will be discussed through suitable literature review. Pathogenesis of colon cancer Cancer of the colon (and rectum) is the third most common cancer in men and women. It has been estimated that 940,000 new cases of colorectal cancer and nearly 500,000 deaths are occur worldwide each year (El- Deiry, 2006). The frequency is same both in men and women. The risk of the disease increases afte r 40 years of age (El- Deiry, 2006). Colon cancer (colorectal cancer) is almost always adenocarcinoma. The most common predisposing condition leading to adenocarcinoma is adenomatous polyps. Alterations in the adenomatous polyposis or APC gene as a result of mutations is the beginning point of development of the cancer. This gene is mutated in individuals affected by familial

Gender and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gender and Sexuality - Essay Example t concerns of the feminists of the period included the investigation into the true meaning, roots etc of female subordination with an intention to knock over the established concepts. Ion this attempt of the feminists, anthropology seemed to provide the most effective tool as it could tell about the status of women in various societies as well as about why women are subordinated to men in several societies. Anthropology was approached as to attain central materials for awareness about the dynamics of the relation between men and women. On the other hand, there was an attempt by anthropology in finding pertinent understanding about female subordination in feminism and the feminist anthropologists started reassessing anthropology on the basis of feminism. Female subordination has been the major concern for both the feminists in general and the feminist anthropologists in particular. The arguments of the feminist anthropologists on female subordination differed greatly in the mid 1970s. There were feminist anthropologists who felt that in spite of the existence of some democratic societies, all the societies gave prominence to men’s power. While a group of feminist anthropologists regarded that female subordination was not common, a strong argument was in support of the view that female subordination was universal and every society is male dominated. Michello Rosaldo and Sherry Ortner, two important feminist anthropologists of structuralist-anthropologist school, regarded female subordination as universal and the endeavoured to explicate the sources of this female subordination. â€Å"But they were very eager to make it clear that, to them; universal did not mean ‘unavoidable’ ‘compulsory’ ‘unchangeable’ or ‘natural’. In particular, they wanted to separate the concept of universality from the concept of ‘biology’. As feminists, they were eager to find ways to overturn female subordination.â⠂¬  (Anthropology of Gender, 2006, P.12). In this paper a

MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS PowerPoint Presentation

MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS - PowerPoint Presentation Example An example, the position vector of the particle gives the position of a particular time and this makes the velocity vector on the derivative of the position Positional vector also location or radius vector is the representation of a point in the relation to an origin. Positional vector in geometry is used in two or three-dimensional space but it can generalize to include space with given number of dimensions. The vector is used in different geometry to describe continuous and differentiable space curves. The vector is also used in mechanics in equation of motion (Chatterjee, 2009). The function defines the motion of a particle with its location in relation to the given coordinate system. Positional vector is a function of time and the three derivatives are computed with respect to time. The derivatives are used in kinematics, engineering, and control theory. Acceleration vector is the rate in which an object in motion changes its velocity the vector has no issue to deal with the going fast of an object in motion but it is concerned with the changing of how fast the object is moving (Davis and Porta, 1994). The consideration of acceleration vector is done in three dimensions. The acceleration vectors are even done to curved motions. The components of the vector is done to speed of traverse and also the curve in the direction of the velocity vector (Davis and Porta, 1994).Acceleration for the vector has also to do with centripetal components for the circular motions and is brought about done to the changes in direction and is always normal to the trajectory and also pointing towards the center of the curved path. The vector is so much related to specific relativity, which describes the behavior of the objects that are travelling relatively to other object and accelerations that are approaching that of light in a vacuum (Davis and Porta, 1994). Acceleration vector is used in

HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE - Coursework Example With shortage of nurses in the healthcare sector, it is evident that the safety and quality of healthcare is indeed compromised. Ideally, the shortage would overwhelm the already existing nurses, an aspect that causes distress and dissatisfaction among such nursing professions. Additionally, there is also the possibility of frustration among the professions, which contributes significantly to burnout on the job and the other different roles played by such individuals. The increased shortage really undermines the patient treatment outcomes considering the poor service delivery aspect (AACN, 2009). A number of causes can be attributed to the shortage of clinical nurse in healthcare centers and mostly in Hallways hospital. First, it is critical to state that shortage of clinical nurses in healthcare facilities is a problem that affects the entire globe, and, therefore, not limited to a particular region (Lavoie-Tremblay et. al., 2008). This ideally means that provision of healthcare services is an element of the healthcare system that is currently under threat. Insufficient supply of nurses to hospitals is indeed a stressor for a number of institutions Hallways hospital included. Despite the difficulty in estimating the exact effect attributed to such occurrences, the reasons for the cause are very obvious. Out of the numerous causes of shortage of clinical nurses in Hallways hospital, four are identified as the potential causes. These include the increased demand of nurses in the healthcare sector. In most instances, the number of individuals registering for nursing causes in the different colleges due to the fact that poor working conditions has been identified as the possible cause. Such an aspect can well be stated as demographic changes in the nursing workforce that decreased the supply of working clinical nurses (AACN, 2009). Another significant contributor towards the increased shortage

Infection Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infection Control - Essay Example We shall now talk about an infection that takes place during the course of medical treatment itself. Aids, the global scare made many medical professionals to use sterilized needles during their process of treatment. The single-puncture syringe that cannot puncture the skin once it is used is the best form of administering equipment for anesthetic and other medications. The profession is to go miles before attaining complete protective treatment. One of the most dreads that now posed by the ultrasound treatment is the use of gels. When an object or human body part is exposed to ultrasonic waves, density differences inside the object or the body parts cause some waves to reflect at the point of interface. This reflection is built into an image of the internal part of the body and its structure on the monitor screen. A gel or jelly is normally used to transmit the acoustic waves through the transducers—a device that contains a crystal, which converts alternating electric current s into vibrations—to the object or the internal part of the body.Experiments show that a high-energy ultra sound emitter inserted through an angioplasty catheter can effectively break up the blocks and restore normal blood circulation. In many patients, bacteremia is a result of an intravascular focus, such as a contaminated catheter or prosthetic device.Contamination of the gel at the manufacturing facility and improper use of the gel at clinical settings are the sources of many cases of bacteremia and septicemia.aemia. Non-sterile gels meant for external use, when used for invasive procedures like biopsies, put most of the patients under the risk of infection. Some precautionary measures can be followed to reduce the risk of infection. Separate individual procedures for sterile and non-sterile gels are postulated by Canadian Health Authorities. They are: - Sterile gels: - 1. Sterile gels must be used for all invasive procedures especially on babies in neonatal I C U. 2. Bacteriostatic gels should be considered for intact mucous membrane operations like oesophagal, rectal and vaginal areas. 3. Sterile packages must be used for one time use only. Non-sterile gels: - 1. Single use containers are the best for non-sterile gels. 2. In the situations of the use of reusable containers, the containers must invariably be cleaned thoroughly by using hospital-grade disinfectants. The very

Why Some Employers Are Reluctant to Address the Issue on Workplace Term Paper

Why Some Employers Are Reluctant to Address the Issue on Workplace Bullying - Term Paper Example A good complaint resolution scheme should include an option for the employee to talk directly to the bully with or without mediation. On the other hand, if the employee prefers to let the company mediate, he or she should be given the option to request for informal or formal resolution of the issue. An informal process of resolving issues of bullying in the workplace is much faster and less stressful for everyone (Uff, 2006). This approach is usually effective to resolve informal complaints of an employee. Simple incidents of bullying that do not require the company to effect punishments against the employee or employees involved should be resolved through an informal process (Uff, 2006). In most cases, â€Å"an informal resolution process takes the no-blame approach to the issue and both parties are asked to come to an amicable agreement to refrain from committing any acts that constitute bullying towards each other† (Ontario Safety Association For Community and Health Care, 2009).While the informal resolution is quick and does not carry with it certain punishments, a formal resolution process is usually associated with the exhaustive investigation, mediation and giving appropriate punishments against the guilty party (Ontario Safety Association For Community and Health Care, 2009). The formal resolution process usually involve (a) the lodging of a formal complaint, (b) an initial response where the human resource officer or any designated person meets separately with the parties involved in the allege bullying incident, (c) the appointment of an investigator to look into the matter, (d) the appointment of an investigator after the initial meeting with the parties, (e) conduct of the actual investigation, (f) presentation of findings, (g) appeal on the findings and decision of the investigating team, and (h) final resolution (Ontario Safety Association For Community and Health Care, 2009).  

Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay Example for Free

Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay In this day and age when medicine becomes more technological and industry driven, nursing needs to find its new role in the rapidly transforming healthcare system. In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published proposals about remodeling of nursing in the U.S. â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.† This report points out to the need for changes in education, expanding practice, and demonstrating leadership in nursing. This modification will have a strong effect on the nursing in future and will contribute to changes of scope and standards of practice. Impact of the IOM Report on Nursing Education In regards to nursing education IOM report proclaim, nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression. (IOM Report, 2010). Today healthcare system is advancing rapidly and requires from all caregivers to improve their knowledge and specialization. The training and education that was given in the past to the nurses does not satisfy the demands of modern days and need to changed dramatically to allow them to keep up with rapidly changing scope of todays medicine. Nowadays, ever-growing complexity of patients demands from nurses to achieve a higher level of education in order to deliver a higher-quality patient care. To achieve this goal nursing schools have to develop new educational model, that provide competencies in decision making, quality improvement, systematic thinking, and team leadership. Another recommendation that IOM repot promotes to raise the proportion of BSN graduates among of the nurses to 80% by the end of 2020 (IOM, 2010). An increase in the percentage of nurses with a bachelor degree would help to manage a challenging and increasingly diverse healthcare environment. Impact of the IOM Report on Practice, Particularly in Primary care Nowadays, the health care system starts to focus on the new ways to provide patient-centered care by delivering more primary care and working on education of communities by promoting disease prevention and healthy lifestyles. Nurses now qualified to provide these services, since they have enough scientific knowledge and training. Regrettably, however this welcomed change is hindered by various restrictions coming from outdated policies and rules. These restrictions prevent nurses to deliver services to the patient and community in the full capacity. The IOM report advice to redesign the roles of nurses to satisfy the need for improved and safe service to the public. The report also advised to revise the outdated standards of practice and eliminate the obstacles to maximize the contribution to the community that nurses can make. Impact of the IOM Report on Nursing Role as a Leader Public is not used to seeing the nurse as a leader, mostly because of historical and rather stereotyped role of a nurse as a physician extender. However, in a constantly changing climate of a healthcare reform and increasing power of entities such as insurance companies, nurses cannot stay passive any longer if they want to continue to be relevant. â€Å"Because nurses have regular and close proximity to patients and scientific understanding of care processes across the continuum of care, they have a unique ability to act as partners with other health professionals and to lead in the improvement and redesign of the health care system and its many practice environments, including hospitals, schools, homes.† states in IOM recommendation. A unique nurses role as a patient advocate combined with a stronger leadership role that they ought to embrace is indispensible in order to form new health care policies that put patient in the center of the discussion. Changing Your Practice to Meet the Goals of the IOM Report Another key point of IOM report is to promote a high level education in the nursing. I am working toward achieving my goal and receiving Bachelor degree in nursing. I’m an operating nurse with more than fifteen years of an experience. Over many years of my practice I have achieved a high level of skill in many different areas of my profession. Now looking back I have a renewed appreciation to all the nursing educators that trained me so well and equipped me with tools to strife for continued self-improvement. I feel that now is my turn to pass on the torch and make sure that the future generation of nurses with rip from my experience and knowledge. Current concerning trend in the nursing is an acute deficiency in experienced locally educated nurses. As stated by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing,† U.S. nursing schools turned away 78,089 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in 2013 due to an insufficient number of faculty,† (AACN, 2014). I fully intend to use my BSN education to embark on the difficult role as a nurse educator initially on my workplace and possibly later in a nursing academic institution In summary, an academic nursing education is an important evolution in my profession since it equips me with knowledge, skills and tools to continue to provide better patient care in safer environment, take part in shaping future health care policies and pass on my knowledge in an efficient way. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2014). Nursing Faculty Shortage. Washington, DC Retrieved from: http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-faculty-shortage Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM). (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from: http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx

Pepsi marketing plan and business strategy

Pepsi marketing plan and business strategy As a student of strategic marketing, we have asked to make a marketing plan for an organization along with its relation to overall business strategy. For this purpose we have chose PEPSI and we shall be discussing its operations in Pakistan, PEPSI has been market leader in beverage industry since its launch in Pakistan but bow a major threat is been faces by aggressive marketing strategies by Coke. In the below mentioned lines we shall be discussing the marketing strategies to overcome such challenges. Marketing Plan Business Strategy Marketing plan and business strategy are two different things, business strategy or organizational objectives give the direction that where this organization will be going and how we are going to do business, in this sense business objectives play the role of very fundamental principles upon which all the departments establish their operational guidelines. On the other hand marketing plan is the tool to achieve the business objectives, while business objective tells what we are going to do marketing plan tells how we are going to do that. This makes a clear relationship between marketing plan and business strategy, where business strategy plays the role of guiding arrows (Wison, Gilligan, 1999). Since there are different kinds of business strategies, three of them are more popular, cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Keeping this in mind there will be different marketing plans if different organizations within the same industry opt for different business strategies. Competitor form same industry may have different business strategy thus their marketing plan will differ. Where ever a marketing plan is made it should have a clear understanding and link with business strategy otherwise organization will be going in one direction and marketing department will be going in other direction resulting in complete failure (Aaker, 2008). Components of a Marketing Plan A good marketing plan can have several components, ranging from industry analysis to media plan; however it depends from industry to industry and product to product that what a marketing plan should include, it also depends on the problem at hand and urgency of the requirement. However below are few components that marketing should in normal circumstanced, addition and subtraction is dependent on the situation. Company Analysis Company analysis gives the information about the current situation of organization, it comments of strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in front of the company, for this purpose SWOT analysis is always a good tool to work with, BCG Matrix is also and good tool to judge the performance of company. Going more deep marketing plan can also or marketing audit report to judge the current performance of marketing department and then also suggest the ways to improve it, there are many tools available to do so, details which is not required here. Industry Analysis Industry analysis provides the information about the overall industry environment, its dynamics and level of competition. To have this information PEST and Porters five forces model are widely used tools to get birds eye view about the industry. Customer Information This is a high importance, risky and tricky part, it gives basic information about customers, their liking disliking, values, decision making behaviors, demographics and consuming patterns of the product. All this information is later used in construction of marketing plan, and it is also the basic brick for the segmentation part, If we as marketer fail to know the customer properly, total marketing plan will lead to wrong decision making. Competitor Analysis This part also has a relatively high importance, gives the information about competitors, their strengths, weaknesses, competitive edge, business strategy, value proposition, positioning and product features, customers opinions about competitors and their marketing mix analysis. Having the correct information about competitor, which is not always an easy this to do, can give you a clear understanding of current market situation and also helps in making better strategically moves. Segmentation One of the most important and risky part of marketing plan is segmentation, after getting the customer analysis done via detailed marketing research, market is divided into heterogeneous segments, thats where company can make the mistake, since rest of the marketing mix is dependent of the segmentation, it has be to be done very carefully, any misinterpretation of the information can lead any component of the marketing mix towards wrong direction. 2nd step in after segmentation is segment selection and making of marketing strategy, there are different approaches towards selection of selection, one, more or all segments can be selected for the target, and different marketing mix are made for each segment. Marketing Mix Product This includes the product description, its working, its brand name and positioning, its value proposition, how it is better than competitors product, and what advantages it gives to customer for increasing their value for money. What image we want to produce regarding product in customers mind. This may also include its packaging information and various packaging options can be given in this part. Price This part deals with the pricing of the product, how we are going to price that product, what is the relationship of price with overall positioning, how is price is going to be perceived, what are the discount offering and how we are going to bundle the price, these are questions that may be answered in this section. Place This deals with channel of distribution, what channel is to be acquired, how we are going to handle intermediaries, what role whole seller and retailer will be playing the distribution of the product, where we are going open outlets, what is the criteria of outlet selection, what convenience we are going to give to customer and how we are going to make the availability of the product. Promotion This part deals with actually promoting the product, this should discuss the sales promotion offers, long term or short term promotional strategies, integrated marketing communication strategies, media selection and its relationship with target market. Reach and effectiveness of each medium selected. A brief media plan can also accompany this section. Marketing Plan and Risks There are several risk that one can face while constructing the marketing plan, one of the risk is lack of required information, we need information from within company, we need information from industry and most importantly we need information from our competitors, this amount of information is not readily available, some time it is really hard to get secondary data, while have not sufficient information it is risky to make critical decision and that puts the entire marketing plan on stake. One another aspect of risk is the correctness and validity of information, secondary data is a good source but at the same time it is a risky proposition to make your decision on the basis of the information which is doubted to be valid. The above mentioned both risk deals with industry information as well as competitor information. One another risk is also there which is lack of understanding of information, that mainly deals with the customer analysis part and affects the segmentation that in result affects the entire marketing mix, misunderstanding the research or taking the research into wrong direction are main reasons with this. The final risk is the lack of managements consent on the marketing plan, in some cases marketing department works in on direction and entire company works in other direction, this risk also deals with non-compliance of marketing plan with business objectives. Marketing Plan-PEPSI PEPSI has been the market leader in cola industry in Pakistan, here their business strategy is low cost leadership, below presented marketing plan is made keeping in mind the business strategy. Company Analysis PEPSI has been the market leader in beverage industry in Pakistan; it has gained this position by leveraging first movers advantage and then maintained this position with its aggressive marketing and channel management techniques. Its strengths are a well established brand name, a well managed distribution channel, and strong financial backing. Its weakness are inability to cope with local beverage producers as they take them lightly and now they are becoming a threat, more over cokes aggressive marketing is also a threat to PEPSI. Industry Analysis Beverage industry in Pakistan has been a highly competitive industry since the emergence of other player like Coke and some local manufacturers. With almost zero switching cost, relatively very low differentiation in taste and wide variety of available substitutes makes the cola customer very difficult to make brand loyal. Increasing advertising and operational cost along with every day increasing power of retailer making the competition more intense where price and brand is not the only factor which can give them the success. Now the power rests with customer and retailer as there are many substitutes available to cola drink, not only direct substitutes but also indirect substitutes are also available when come to satisfaction of thrust. Customer Analysis Since company has been on mass marketing strategy then everybody is a prospect customer, everybody who gets thirsty is a customer of PEPSI, cola drinks are kind of product which is presented with food and to guests, so the main purpose is not satisfying the thrust but having a little bit more luxury in drinking. Keeping this thing in mind we come to know that cola customer will be using this product on some special occasions like family get together, or having food or presenting it to guests. So at while drinks are not presented in original bottle customer will be less brand concisions. Pakistani market is always been price sensitive, so is the case with cola. However it is highly affected by the availability factor. Competitor Analysis This is highly competitive market, with more substitutes and zero switching costs. During the last decade Coke has been a tough competitor for PEPSI, with its aggressive marketing campaigns, increasing and aggressive channel of distribution and a good positioning coke is emerging a well established widely accepted and preferred brand especially in metropolitan cities. Another emerging competitor is a local producer which is not really a major threat for PEPSI but yes it has all the capabilities required to become and major competitor, its brand name is Gourmet Cola, a private brand of a local bakery chain, this chain is getting being widely accepted in metropolitan and its growing like anything Segment Selections Apparently there are not much difference in the customer of cola, the same taste is accepted everywhere in the some variation, there is a minor segment which is diet conscious and want a zero calorie cola drink. If we talk about the segment selection then company should go for and its has been going for mass marking, standard marketing mix for everyone, for diet conscious customers diet Pepsi should be introduced. Right now we shall be talking about standard cola drink and its marketing. Marketing Mix Product The product is a standard cola drink, that satisfies the need of thrust and more it works a drink to be presented with the food and on get together occasions. It is positioned as a drink which relates to personal achievement, its focus will be I being the personal achievement. It will be positioned as drink of youth, the drink of successful youth. The element of excitement and emotions will be included in the positioning. It will be presented in various packaging, for example pet bottle, half letter, one litter and 2.5 litters, this packing variation will increase and help its use on various occasions. Price Since it has been a high price competitive industry, price of PEPSI will be kept at par of the industry, some discounts will be introduced in the bulk buying and on one litter and more packaging. Since colas are affected with the push of retailer, good dealer and retailer margins will be given to retailer and distributer, so that they can make sure the availability and push the product, since brand loyal is low in this product, retailer push is always required and helpful in getting the desired results. Channel of Distribution This part is one of the most important parts of the entire marketing plan. Here in Pakistan retailer has the power in the channel more than any other industry, colas has more substitutes, low brand loyalty and zero switching cost, customer will drink whatever cola brand is available on the retail shop, that scenario gives more power to retailer. So we shall be focusing in the improving our strength in retail channel, building the relationships with retailers, making sure the availability and leveraging the exclusivity on retail shops, and giving them more commission so that they can maintain the exclusivity and push the product to customer, once retailer push and exclusivity is achieved there will be no problem with customer to buy the product. Promotion This is another high importance component of marketing plan; more focus will be given on this part as well. PEPSI will focus on building brand and up to some extent brand loyalty among youth by focusing on its positioning and also by maintaining brand recall. More sales promotions will be offered during local occasions like EID etc. followed and good spend on the media especially during the promotional period. Mitigation Strategy There are few elements in plan that are of high risk, one the positioning factor that needs to be handled in a careful manner, the individual success positioning can turn back, on the other hand Cokes positioning is we the family and get together, if positioning can is not handled properly its can be a disaster. The second risky elements is the increasing power of retailers, we are at the same time exploiting the retailer power but on the other hand giving more power to them by adopting push strategy, if more and more power is given to retailer then in the end they will be able to blackmail us on their own conditions. To handle this risk brand should be build so strong that it can generate pull. Plans Relation with Strategic Objective Business strategy is cost leadership, since PEPSI is a market leader is has to maintain its position and at the same time they want to reduce costs. Now if we look at the marketing plan it focuses on the push strategy, building relationships with retailers, giving them incentives for push and winning exclusivity on the retail out lets, if this plan is executed well we can reduce out marketing cost without compromising or even increasing on sales and market share. This plan also suggest that PEPSI should get exclusivity on the large cash and carry retail stores like, METRO, MACRO Hyperstar where customers buy in large quantities, if they are able to do so their marketing cost will decrease and sales will increase noticeably. One can argue that plan also supports the brand building which is an expensive thing to do, I would answer that brand building and getting mindshare is something unavoidable, this is not a luxury spending of marketing budgets but it is in return creates the pull for the brand and pays in the longer run. Agreement and Plan Tracking The success of the plan depends on the total consolidated effort by the entire company that is why managements approval and consent will be required to get whole organization on board. This plan will be presented to all stake holder and if management approves then all other departments will be working on the same direction, for example if management want to cut cost then they are do so with a better management of supply chain, similarly other departments will have their roles to play in achievement of strategic objectives. Success of the plan will be tracked at every execution step with continuously monitoring, on the brand side studies will be conducted to monitor the achievement of brand related targets like top of the mind brand recall, retailer relationship management will be monitored that ho successful we have been bringing retailers on boards and winning exclusivity. A relationship of these tracking studies with overall market share and sales will be established that will determine the success of this plan, if problem found and targets are not achieved then strategy will be review and necessary actions will be taken to improve the performance. Conclusion Making a strategic plan is a tricky this, challenge is to keep the department on the track provided the top management while producing the workable and successful solution, at the same time direction of the other stake holders is also required to be in the same direction. While every care is taken even then there are chance that plan is based on some misunderstanding of information required or required information is also not provided, these are the greatest challenges that a strategic marketer has to face. For getting the plan worked a continuous monitoring is required on its execution part. Some very good strategies tend to fail while in execution, that is another care that a strategic marketer has to be careful about.

The History Of Jean Watson caring Science

The History Of Jean Watson caring Science Summary Jean Watson born in 1940 earned a diploma from Lewis Gale Hospital School of Nursing in Roanoke, VA. Watson furthered her education and attended the University of Colorado for her BSN, MSN in psychiatric-mental health nursing and Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling. Watson has held numerous positions at the University of Colorado as both faculty and administrator. Watson served as faculty at the University of Colorado Health Science Center, dean of the School of Nursing, and fouding Dorector of the center for Human Caring. Watsons first publication was in 1979 and this was the introduction of the theory of Transpersonal Caring to the nursing profession. Watsons theory focuses on preserving the dignity and wholeness of humanity. Transpersonal Caring theory evolved from Watsons own personal values, beliefs, and perceptions regarding human life, health, and healing. (Walker, 1996, p. 144) Watson views nursing as a collective caring-healing role and its mission in society as attending to, and helpting to sustain, humanity and wholeness (Walker, 1996, p. 144). The thoery is meant to be a worldview or ethic by which nursing could know its traditions in health and healing. Watson views nursing as an human science academic discipline and as an clinical profession. The theory views nursing as a societal mission to caring and healing work with others during their most vulnerable moments of lifes journey (Walker, 1996, p. 145). The theory analyzes caring independently from curing. The discipline of caring and hea ling are derived from the arts and humanities. Watsons theory was based on Nightingales healing environment concept. The theory evolved from the belief that an individuals environment affects their healing. The theory began as a philosophy and was never meant to be a testable theory. Watsons goal for the theory is to move nursing from the belief that the human body is a machine to the belief that the interdependent and nondiscrete nature of a world and the spiritual nature of humans is of paramount importance (Watson, 1985, p. 1) Watson defines health as harmony, and illness as disharmony within the mind, body, and spirit. Eastern philosophy influenced Watsons theory on health and illness. In Watsons later works her influence was the Chaos Theory by Kellert and the quantum physics and mechanics by Pelletier (Walker, 1996, p. 191) Watsons goal is to serve as a bridge by which nursing will transition from a biomedical/natural-science model to a postmodern/human-science perspective. Watson believes language is the key to transitiong nursing from the biomedical/natural-science model to the postmodern/human -science model (Walker, 1996, p. 146) Watson (1999) believed nursing is a discipline devoted to caring, health, and healing. Watsons theory has continued to evolve in regards to her concepts. The main components of her origninal theory are: transpersonal caring relationship; ten carative factors; and caring occasion/caring moment. These components defined her orignial concept of transpersonal caring which was defined as a human-to-human connectedness occurring in a nurse-patient encounter wherein each is touched by the human center of the other (Watson, 1985). In Watsons updated theory new dimensions evolved and included the concept that the caring-healing modalities potentiate harmony, wholeness, and confort, and promote inner healing by releasing some of the disharmony and blocked energy that interfere with the natural healing processes (Walker, 1996, p. 151) The transpersonal caring relationship is a strong relationship between nurse and patient. The relationship is a unique relationship for the both the nurse and patient. A nurse enters into the life space or phenomenal field of another person and is able to detect the other persons condition of being (spirit, or soul level), feels this condition within self, and respons in such a way that the person being cared for has a release of feelings, thought , and tension (Walker, 1996, p. 152). Watson believes the necessary knowledge and sensitivity a nurse needs to build a transpersonal caring relationship with their patient can be gained through work with other cultures, study of the humanities, and exploration of ones own values, beliefs, and relationship with self (Walker, 1996, p. 153). Watson wanted the theory to apply to all nurses in any situation and make use of its carative factors in implements and delivering quality nursing care. Weaknesses The first limitation in Watsons theory is the lack of relevancy to todays nursing. Due to the acuity of illness and nurse patient ratios following Watsons theory doesnt seem practical. Watsons model continuously focuses on the spirit, and has a lack of emphasis on the physical entities of an individual. Watsons model would deem difficult to practice for nurses who focus care on the physical aspects and the treatment of illness. Watsons theory focuses on the human care process and not on the therapeutic nature of care (Rafael, 2000, p. 402) Individuals who believe the physical is separate from the spiritual may find this theory unpractical. Watson continuously focuses on the psychosial aspects and need of patients, and this is a secondary concern in the current state of nursing practice. Watsons theory also deems itself to be impractical because it calls for a level of care that is simply impossible in an environment where there is a high acuity of illness, short hospital stays due to lack of insurance, and an increased level of technology which limits the amount of time needed to spend with a patient. In the current business focused era and a bureaucratic health care system, Watsons model would prove to be extremely difficult for nurses to implement. The broad gap between the nurse caring process and the clinical reality, have some authors suggesting that this gap reduces clinical relevance. (Morse, Solberg, Neander, Bottorff, Johnson, 1990, p. 8) Nurses would find current hospital policies and practices would limit their flexibility to implement this theory. The health system follows a different set of values and beliefs and would stand as a barrier for nurses whom choose to follow these principles. Implementation of Watsons theory would require a change from the public and movement away from the idea of treatment and towards healing and caring. Watsons theory would require the restructuring of our entire health system, and rebuilding into a healing focused health care system. Strengths Watsons theory has been criticized by many, but is transformative and brings the caring aspect back to nursing. The theory guides the nurse to focus on the individual and requires the selective use of technology. The theory requires the use of technology only for the enhancement of healthcare practices, and not as the sole guiding factor in healthcare. Watson insists that the nurse focuses on the subjective experience of the patient, to facilitate restoring inner harmony and potential healing (Morse et al., 1990, p. 9) Watson calls the nurse to go beyond the duties of providing standard quality of care, but requires the nurse to provide soul satisfying care. Watson believes it is morally imperative and an obligation to care for the patient and their spiritual needs, regardless of the nurses experience or abilities. This notion also coincides with Leiningers Culture Care theory in requiring the nurse to provide non-judgmental and non-biased culturally competent care. Watsons theory allows the nurse to be flexible in their practice. The theory doesnt require the nurse to follow a set standard or tool. Transpersonal Caring theory focuses on the individual and not the disease or illness. The theory allows the nurse to utilize different interaction methods with different individuals. The theory grants the nurse the ability to adjust their approach and style of care based on the needs of each individual as separate entities and apart from their disease. The adjustment allows the nurse to have a transpersonal moment with their patient in which ones mind-bod- soul engages with anothers mind-body-soul in a lived moment. Here a spiritual union is felt with the other person (Rafael, 2000, p. 402) Watson brings the patient back to focus and eliminates the other common distractors such as technology and illness. By eliminating these distractors Watson is allowing the nurse to meet each patients physical and spiritual needs. Betty Neuman: The Neuman Systems Model Summary Betty Neuman born in 1924 in Ohio received her nursing diploma from Peoples Hospital in 1947 in Akron, Ohio. Neuman later received her B.S. in public health nursing in 1957 and her M.S. public-mental health in 1966 from UCLA. In 1985 she obtained her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Pacific Western University. Neuman has worked as a bedside nurse, teach, author, lecturer, and consultant. Neuman was the first nurse licensed in California as a marriage and family counselor. The Neuman Systems Model was developed in 1970 in response to graduate students requests for a course that would provide an overview of the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and developmental aspects of human beings (Fawcett, 2001, p. 211). The model was first published in 1972 and five editions have been published with the last edition in 2010. The model was established during the period of general systems theory and is a holistic model based upon interactions and relationships. Neumans System Model consists of two major components stress and the reaction to stress (Neuman, 1995, p. 22). The model has four major concepts in relation to nursing which are: human being/individual, environment, health, and nursing. The model is an open system and defines the individual as a human being, the community, or a family. The goal of the system is to maintain balance and stability. Neuman allows the individual to maintain balance by utilizing resources within and outside of the system, or eliminate internal or external factors that affect the individuals ability to maintain stability. Factors that disrupt an individuals ability to maintain stability are called stressors. Neuman views stressors as either negative or positive and deem them capable of having this same effect on the individual. The model requires the individual to utilize and exchange with its environment. The individual may adjust itself according to the environment or adjust the environment as long as the ultimate goal of stability is met. The physiological psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual factors are considered the core of the model. If the individual has maintained stability then these factors functions harmoniously amongst each other in spite of environment and stressors. Neuman believes when these factors are working together harmoniously and optimal stability has been attained then the individual has also obtained a greater level of wellness. Neuman utilizes wellness and health interchangeably and identifies these factors as optimal system stability, or the optimal state of wellness at a given time (Neuman, 1990, p. 129). The levels of health vary and is based upon the individuals response to its environment and stressors. The model identifies illness and death as requiring more energy that what is available, and wellness as requiring less energy than what is available or generated (Neuman, 1990, p. 129) Neuman utilizes prevention at the levels of primary, secondary, and tertiary to maintain stability (Fawcett, 2001, p. 213). Primary prevention is health promotion and maintenance and is utilized when a risk is identified and before its onset. Secondary prevention occurs after the risks onset and is utilized to prevent further injury and disability. If secondary prevention is unable to maintain stability the individual will move towards tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention is maintaining maximum stability even with a disability to promote health and return to primary prevention. Neuman defines nursing as helping the individuals system attain, maintain, or retain system stability (Fawcett, 2001, p. 211). Neuman identifies the job of the nurse to accurately assess the individual and identify the stressors to their system, and assist the individual in making adjustments that will promote optimal health and wellness. By identifying and assisting the nurse stands as the linkage between the individuals system, its environment, and health. The nurses interventions are aimed at helping the individual maintain a level of stability. The level of stability must be maintained under the conditions of the environment and possibly stressors if the factors are unable to be eliminated. The nurse must assist the individual in maintaining stability under these conditions and minimize the amount of energy consumed by the individual. The model identifies a three-step process for the nurse and consists of the nursing diagnosis, nursing goals, and nursing outcomes. The Nursing Dia gnosis consists of the assessment and diagnosis of each individual. The second step Nursing Goals consists of the identification and planning phase. The final step Nursing Outcomes is the implementation and evaluation phase. (Fawcett, 2001, pp. 212-213) Weaknesses The major weakness identified in Neumans model is the ambiguity of the terms used in the model. Clarification is needed regarding the terms interpersonal stressors, extrapersonal stressors, and reaction. Gigliotti (2003) noted that linking statements (relational propositions) between stressors and the environment should be clearer (Gigliotti, 2003, p. 203). The reader can assume that interpersonal stressors occur between two people and extrapersonal stresors occur between a group or society and the person, but this is not clearly defined in Neumans literature. Hoffman (1982) analyzed the NSM and explored its use for theory construction concluding that the concepts of the NSM were defined and proposed that concept interrelations be further investigated so that relational hypotheses could be formulated (Gigliotti, 2003, p. 203). The differentiation between interpersonal and extrapersonal is not clear. The pictorial diagram of Neuman Systems Model includes the term reaction, but in the original model the term reaction is not clearly defined or discussed. The second weakness identified in Neumans model is the inconsistence use of the concepts health, environment and nursing. Neumans literature identifies health, environment, and nursing as major concepts within the model, but these concepts do not appear in the models diagram. Neumans diagram is considered to be an important representation of her model, but major concepts are eliminated from the model. Gigliotti (2003) noted that the definitions of essential concepts that Neuman had then supplied were adequate but the definitions of health, environment, and nursing needed clarification (Gigliotti, 2003, p. 203). Major concepts stated and continuously used within Neumans literature should be identifiable and noted within the pictorial explanation of the model. Strengths A major strength in Neumans model is its ability to be widely used within nursing. Neuman reports that the model was designed for nursing but can be used by other health disciplines (Fawcett, 2001, p. 212). If all nurses and other disciplines utilize this model then a consistent approach to health care will be facilitated. If all disciplines utilize the same model, established by Neuman, perhaps redundancy and errors will be limited across health care disciplines. Redundancy would be eliminated and the patient would only have to explain their needs or story once to all health care disciplines, rather than, having to tell the same story many different times. The second strength in Neumans model is not only can it be used across other health care disciplines, but can be utilized within all areas of nursing. Neumans model is flexible in the sense that it can be used in the areas of research, administration, education, and clinical practice all within nursing. The third edition of Neumans model highlights the use of the model in all areas of nursing throughout the United States, Australia, Canada, England, Holland, Sweden and Wales (Fawcett, 2001, p. 211). The widespread use of this model illustrates its universal applicability. Neuman highlights this applicability as crucial during the current state, in which, the nursing profession has an increased need for unity within the discipline. Neuman believes the systematic Nursing Process format has been especially relevant as a guide for practice, despite all of the social and professional changes that nursing continues to experience (Fawcett, 2001, p. 212).

Frogs :: essays research papers

Frogs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frog is the common name for a species of amphibian that also includes toads. A very common question is â€Å"whats the difference between frogs and toads?† , the answer: none, except for the fact that toads lack the powerful legs that frogs have. â€Å"Where can frogs and toads be found?†, one might ask. They live in all parts of the world, except for Antarctica, but are mostly found in tropical areas. Frogs are small animals with smooth moist skin, and big eyes that can see in almost any direction. Most species have webbed feet and powerful legs making them good jumpers, and excellent swimmers. A frogs tongue is attached to the front of it’s mouth instead of the rear, and most frogs are very vocal, especially the male frogs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a frog grow, it goes through many changes. Starting out as a tadpole, and morphing into a frog. Most frogs lay their eggs in water. Others will lay their eggs some where safe, then carry them to water where they hatch into tadpoles. At this stage they have gills, no legs, and a tail. As they mature, their gills and tail disappear, and they develop lungs and legs. This period of tadpole life can be divided into three stages. The first stage, called â€Å" premetamorphosis,† lasts about 50 days (Patent 54). The second stage, in which the hind legs grow, is called â€Å"prometamorphosis,† and lasts about 21 days. When the legs are about as long as the body, the third stage, which is called â€Å" metamorphic climax,† and takes place very rapidly, begins. During this last stage, which lasts about a week, many great changes occur. They lungs complete their development, and the gills disappear. The skin gets thicker, nostrils form, and the tail is completely resorbed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most frogs prefer moist regions, and many kinds live in the water. Because frogs absorb oxygen in water through their skin, they can stay underwater for long periods of time. A frogs body temperature depends on it’s surroundings, and during cold weather, frogs dig burrows in mud and hibernate. During hibernation, the frog needs little oxygen and no more food than is already in it’s tissues. During intense heat, a frog might estivate, or in other words, lie in a state of torpor during the heat, after burying themselves in sand and clay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frogs are carnivores. They eat just about anything smaller than then that moves. A frog thinks like this: If it’s smaller than itself and moves, eat it. If it’s the same size, mate, or attempt to mate (this gets some frogs

Bitterness, Weariness and Impotence in Hardys Tess of the dUbervilles

Bitterness, Weariness and Impotence in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Ubervilles In his novel Tess of the d'Ubervilles, as well as much of his poetry, Thomas Hardy expresses his dissatisfaction, weariness, and an overwhelming sense of injustice at the cruelty of our universal fate  - disappointment and disillusionment. Hardy argues that the hopes and desires of Men are cruelly thwarted by a potent combination of "all-powerful Nature, fate, unforeseen accidents and disasters, and tragic flaws" (Mickelson 32). Although Tess, the heroine of the novel, is fully realized with physical, emotional, and mental attributes, grasping desperately to be her own master, she is nevertheless overpowered, becoming a victim of circumstance, nature, and social hypocrisy. Likewise, Hardy's dark realities bleed into and saturate his poems. First, Hardy personifies Nature as a main character in the novel. Instead of allowing the influence of Nature to show only in weather and seasonal changes, allowing the reader to sense the plot, Hardy creates a Nature who is not the typical capricious but distant goddess. Instead, she is terrifyingly responsible for influencing and overpowering man. Hardy's Nature is not only essential for the subsistence of the entire farming countryside, but the waxing and waning cycles - in the weather, time of day, and season, - which seem to influence the actions of the characters. Every disastrous occurrence seems preordained by the mood of Nature. Before Prince, the Durbeyfield horse, is killed, Tess' brother wonders at "The strange shapes assumed by the various dark objects against the sky; of this tree that looked like a raging tiger springing from a lair; of that which resembled a giant's head" (p. 24... ...rocess and the Case of Tess and Jude." New Perspectives on Thomas Hardy. Ed. Charles P. C. Pettit New York: St. Martin's, 1994. 16-40. Chapman, Raymond. " 'Good Faith, You do Talk!': Some Features of Hardy's Dialogue." New Perspectives on Thomas Hardy. Ed. Charles P. C. Pettit. New York: St. Martin's, 1994. 117-36. Hall, Donald. Afterward. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. By Thomas Hardy. New York: Signet, 1980. 417-27. Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. 1891. New York: Signet Classic, 1980.   Jacobus, Mary. "Tess: the Making of a Pure Woman." Thomas Hardy's   Tess of the D'Urbervilles. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea   House Publications, 1987. 45-60. Mickelson, Anne Z. Thomas Hardy's Women and Men: The Defeat of Nature. Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1976. Weissman, Judith. Half Savage and Hardy and Free. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 1987.

How Mary Shelley creates a sense of horror in Frankenstein :: English Literature

How Mary Shelley creates a sense of horror in Frankenstein. Frankenstein Introduction In this essay, I will be writing about how Mary Shelley creates sense of horror in Frankenstein. Horror stories are usually dark and sinister. They are also very mysterious. They mostly use catching background music and horrible settings to create a sense of horror. Mary Shelley creates a sense of horror through the characters, settings and the language. From the beginning of the story, the audience's speculate that there was a reason behind Victor Frankenstein's interest to the anatomy of science. " A mind of moderate capacity, which closely pursues one study, Must infallibly arrive at great proficiency in that study." This creates a sense of horror because it suggests that Frankenstein is obsessed with the subject. It isn't just a plain interest. After his mother died, he was very upset and angry. He wanted to create a living human being- bringing a dead body alive. He wanted to do something that no one else has done. This can be looked at, as a metaphor saying that, he wanted to make something that even nature hasn't even created. This creates a sense of horror because, people in the 19th century were very superstitious and believed that going against the nature means going against God, and that's the worst sin that can be committed. " Darkness had no effect upon my fancy." This creates a sense of horror because he was different from the other people as well as the human characteristics. He had no fear of death or any superstitious belief. He appears as a person who would do anything because he is contending to himself as well as God. He wanted to create something that wouldn't have to follow the procedure of life. "I should attempt the creation of a being like myself" This creates a sense of horror because it suggests that he wants to break the natural chain. He is willing to create a human like himself but it should live for eternity. He wants to prevent death. He wanted to "succeed and arrive at great proficiency in that study". He finally decides to learn everything about human bodies and create a human creature from dead body parts so he started to make framework with bones and organs as an experiment. Frankenstein collects most of the materials that he needs from the charnel house where dead bodies are kept, and also goes to other places that are associated death such as churchyards, the dissecting room and the slaughterhouse. "Churchyard was the receptacle of bodies deprived of life" and "The dissecting room and the slaughter house furnished many of his materials". All these settings creates a sense of horror because, it's set in a

Motivational Plan

There are five basic theories of motivation. 1) Self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. 2) Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. 3) Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s beliefs about abilities. 4) Social cognitive theory states that human behavior comes from their attributes. 5) Goal orientation theory wants to know the reasons for doing tasks. Self-Determination Theory The self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. A need for autonomy, which is to feel a sense of self-directedness, the need to feel competent, and the need to be related to something. People are motivated with the things that will help meet these needs. People are motivated when their actions are self-determined. â€Å"The more self-determined the motivation is, the more the person experience positive outcomes, including persisting in the activity† (Lavigne, Vallerand & Miquelon, 2007). People perceive they have choices available to them. This theory gives another reason for negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is when a student really wants to learn something. Students will be motivated if they feel they relate to what is going on. They also will be motivated if they feel competent. If a student feels they are smart and can do a task successfully, they will be more motivated to get it done. If an individual has the three basic needs they will have self-determination. Attribution Theory Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. It might lead to negative feelings. It could cause someone to give up or try harder depending on the feeling. â€Å"Attribution (explanatory) thinking involves an appraisal of factors contributing to success and failure outcomes and is regarded as instrumental to motivation and goal striving in achievement settings† (Perry, Stupnisky, Daniels & Haynes, 2008). Stability is if the event is constant across time and situations. A cause that is stable is failing a test because they are not smart. Intelligence is unchangeable so it is a stable attribution. A cause that is unstable is not doing well because the student was sick when they took a test. Locus is the cause is either internal of external. Locus that is internal is thinking you do not have the ability or skills to do well. Locus that is external is outside factors. These could be the teacher grades hard, the classroom environment like too noisy or interruptions, or anything that is outside the students’ ability. Control is the belief that a person can control events. If a student makes a bad grade on something, they can make two attributions for this grade. They could possible feel they just are not capable of doing the work or understanding the work. They could also feel they did not put forth a lot of effort and therefore could have controlled the grade. If it is a controllability issue, then the student is likely to try and fix it. Teachers can help students with the attribution theory by helping with stability. They can encourage a student that they are intelligent and capable of doing the work assigned. They can also encourage a student which will help with internal locus. Expectancy-value theory Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s belief about abilities and their value of a task. Motivation is determined by one’s expectancies for success and one’s value of the task. How a teacher teaches can influence a student’s beliefs and values. There are four components to this theory. â€Å"Correspond to the students’ beliefs about how well they will perform on upcoming tasks and relate to their perception of being able to carry out their academic projects successfully† (Chouinard & Roy, 2008). An example is a student who thinks they are logical will value problem solving. The intrinsic value is how interesting a task is to a student. If they like what they are doing, they will be motivated to finish it. The utility value is finding usefulness in a task. The student will be motivated if it will help their grade. The last component is cost. The cost value knows it will be worth their time to do it. Usually if a student knows the assignment is not going to be graded, they won’t bother to do it. Student results come from teacher expectancies. If a teacher thinks the tudents will perform poorly and they treat them this way, then they will not do well. If a teacher has high expectations for the students and shows them this, they will do better. If teachers believe that certain groups of students do not value educations, then they will have different expectations for them. Teachers also have different expectations based on culture areas and socioeconomic backgrounds. Socia l Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory states â€Å"that most human emotion is the direct result of what people think, tell themselves, assume, or believe about themselves and their social situations† (Lantz, 1978). Students are motivated by what they see in other people. If they see that their older brother or sister cannot get anywhere in life because they dropped out, they will be less likely to drop out. They also are motivated if they have a belief they have the ability to perform a certain task. Teachers can influence their beliefs. Teachers can take a weak student and pair them with a strong student to motivate them by what they see in the strong student. Teachers can also motivate them by convincing them they have the ability to do a task. Goal orientation theory Goal orientation theory constitutes a substantial and informative body of knowledge concerning motivational processes in achievement settings and particularly in educational contexts† (Kaplan & Maehr, 2007). The goal orientation theory wants to know the students’ reasons for doing academic tasks. There are two goals: mastery goals and performance goals. Mastery goals are tasks that truly master the material. Perform ance goals are tasks that demonstrate the ability. The theorists also look at approach and avoidance goals. Approach goals are positive motivation. Avoidance goals are negative motivation. Students with mastery goals are looking to improve their competence. Mastery goals have been associated with increased effort. Mastery-focused classrooms are discussions that encourage all students to participate. Students who use mastery goals are often critical thinkers. Students who use performance goals are using cognitive skills. These are the five theories of motivation. They are used by educators everywhere. By understanding them, teachers can help encourage positive motivation and help the students achieve the best education possible.

Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

Parents Portal The Parents Portal gives the parent an opportunity to view their student’s schedules, performance, and statement of accounts. Parents also have access to review current contact information, which may be used to help the school maintain accurate contact data. Online Reporting is the innovative use of media and communication technologies such as emails, blogs, websites and text alerts in order to keep parents informed about their children’s achievements, progress, behaviour and attendance. It is important for teachers and schools to consult parents on how they would like to be kept informed on the progress of their child. Some parents prefer face – to – face contact, whereas others may favour the convenience of tools such as text alerts or online reporting to gain a quick insight of their child’s progress. A website is one of the most effective communication tools that is easily accessible for most schools and parents. It allows access to regular upda tes such as timetables, school trips, and learning tools supporting parents and involving them in school life (Russel, 2009). Web – based system is used in most businesses for better communication. It creates a customer portal that could provide a range of services in a unified, centralized way. Using online – based systems, there is no need for modifications to the applications on the mission – critical mainframes. The Internet offers greater speed and cost-efficiency when compared to manual way. A portal is defined in the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary (2008) as â€Å"a site serving as a guide or point of entry to the World Wide Web and usually including a search engine or a collection links to other sites arranged especially by topic.† Tatnall (2005) writes that a web portal provides a personalized gateway that aggregates information and allows access to a variety of resources and services that are relevant to the person seeking them. For parents this would include the ability to connect with information and services relevant to their child’s learning and ac tivity at school, through  any computer connected to the World Wide Web (Williamson, R. D., & Johnston, J. H., 1998). Communication between schools and families is essential for building trusting relationships that foster parental involvement. Parental involvement in schools and social institutes is necessary for youngsters to develop successfully and to make decisions that will have positive outcomes for their futures. As society becomes increasingly dependent on technology, schools are investing more time and money in technological means of communication. Access to computer and internet technologies is increasing all over Europe. In work places and schools, both educators and parents are provided with access to electronic communication (Rogers & Wright, 2007). It is proven that regular communication from school to parents is critical to the success of children .It is well established that building home – school partnerships is a powerful avenue for increasing the satisfaction of parents and the community with schooling and for improving schools. Parents’ involvement in their childâ⠂¬â„¢s education is a key factor in the child’s scholastic success. Parental participation ranges from paying little or no attention to overt hovering. As the teacher, he must help manage the parental participation so that students are accountable for their own learning. At lower level parents are more active in school participation. Communicating frequently is essential, but the teacher does not have to meet with parents every month or even contact them at home. Instead, he can be in touch by sending parents a weekly or monthly class newsletter that highlights the activities and events going on in the classroom or sending an e – mail with necessary information when it is needed. He can also send home reports if one of the students does something outstanding. He can use a social network, e – mail, put in on a (secured) website, etc. (Harington, 2008). Additionally, as the discourse between homes and schools increases, understanding improves, suggestions are shared, and positive attitudes are more easily maintained. For instance, in 1984 in Western Europe only 8.2% of the households surveyed had computers, while in 2003, 61.87% of the households had computers and 54.7% had Internet access. In 2008 in the Netherlands, 84% of the families with children between two and 21 years had at least one computer with fast internet. The most of the families are multimedia families nowadays. A recent survey of 4,000 adults in 20 cities in the USA conducted by Opinion Research Corp. and America Online showed  that 41 percent of Americans check e – mail first thing in the morning — and a whopping 61 percent say they check their personal e – mail while at work (eSchoolMedia & eCampus News, 2011). Android Application The Google Android Operating System is used in a lot of major smartphone brands available today. It is one of the most popular platform which is used for developing Android applications. With sufficient knowledge regarding the development, Android leads to milestones of achievement through the development of Android application. Technical knowledge and talent is a pioneering need for developing exceptional applications on the Android Platform. The Linux kernel, Daivik and SQL Lite database are some of the basic tools and techniques to build master Android applications. Using them, the Android application developer and programmer teams can deliver various custom – made Android applications (HiddenBrains InfoTech, 2011). Some typical characteristics of Android development are: Low development cost Rapidly growing platform Provides support for interactive media features Linux core is responsible for stability of the Android applications Vast, comprehensive library for graphics, media and other tools Android SDK helps in formation of rich and unique applications The software for the mobile phones is loaded in the Android. The android foundation is comprised of the operating system (OS), the middleware, main programs, and a Software Development Kit (SDK). The SDK allows the designers with the Application Programming Interface (API) and resources needed for development. The submission platform is of an open character. This permits the designers to develop the programs and easily spread them. One can even sell them through the World Wide Web. The wind turbine is very less because the android is free. There are a number of advantages of this mobile platform. Some of the major advantages of this are as follows: Android is Linux – based. It allows quick collection of details. It also provides the correct details desired. The cycle is greatly reduced. The event resources are simple to use. All the details and solutions are offered to the designers without any biases. It provides affluent internet browser amenities as well. This allows the creator to provide improved solutions. The use of the mobile phones to access the World Wide Web is increasing day by day. There are many mobile phones that have operating systems based on Android. If the business wants its web page to be appropriate with these mobile phones then the web page needs to be designed or altered. This is where Android application development performs an important role. The users of Android mobile phones want the phone to be used not only for telecommunication but also as an office computer. The customer may need some specifications to be added on to the android handsets. This is another situation where the Android Applications becomes necessary (Bryanstrang, 2012). Review of Related Studies Traditional reports can be replaced with regular and up – to – date online reports which parents can access whenever and wherever they happen to be. Being able to access their child’s educational information as and when they wish has already been very successful in many schools with parents gaining greater understanding of day – to – day school life. Research undertaken by the Department for Children Schools and Families (DCSF), entitled ‘Parental Involvement in Child’s Education 2007’, revealed that 44 percent of parents expressed work commitments as the main barrier to greater involvement in their child’s education. For busy working parents and those whose work necessitates travel, online reporting could hold the key to ensuring that they are kept informed and up to date regarding their child’s progress (Christine Thompson & Jo Lee, n.d.). The AMA Education System (AMAES), a network of universities and colleges in the Philippines offering computer training, has upgraded its Information Technology (IT) infrastructure with Oracle’s PeopleSoft Campus Solutions. The solutions provide a web – based system that enables the institution to manage student administration processes, including prospect management, admissions, student records, enrolment, curriculum, advisement, transfer credit, student financials,  financial aid, graduation and alumni relations. Edwin Santos, Chief Information Officer of the AMAES, said that the deployment of the new IT infrastructure took 12 months to complete for the first 12 campuses. That includes the AMA Computer University and 11 trimestral campuses of the AMA Computer College. The application suite will also be implemented across the rest of AMAES entities, including AMA Computer Learning Center (ACLC), AMA International Institute of Technology (AIIT), ABE Colleges, AMA School of Medicine and AMA International Aviation Academy. Estopace (2012) quoted the statement of Santos that is, â€Å"The primary advantage of the solution for us is it enhances service delivery. That includes service delivery to o ur students, who are our prime customers, and service delivery to the parents, as both would have access to the portals. The second advantage is ease of deployment. Since AMAES is also expanding its business base, it gives us a lot of flexibility in deployment to other campuses since the solution is centrally hosted and in the cloud.† The most important benefits to students and parents, according to Santos, is the real-time access to information about their payments, grades, courses taken, schedules and information on future subjects to be offered. AMAES is also working to include an online payment gateway to allow students to do any transactions at home. â€Å"Mobile integration is something we are looking forward to,† Santos disclosed. â€Å"For now, our concentration will be more on deploying the serve to all our branches and campuses† (Estopace, 2012). Engineer Arnel Hibo, First Vice President of AMAES, added that the management side of AMAES will also have access to real – time information covering academic and administrate functions for all the campuses (Estopace, 2012). Justification of the Present Study The system called, â€Å"Parents Portal with Android Application† for the AMA Computer College – General Santos City, has similar features with that of the Oracle’s Peoplesoft Campus Solutions. Both systems provide a wide avenue of information for parents, which is critical to the success of the students. This avenue does not limit information through the traditional method of query. Instead, it provides and facilitates information accessibility such as updates on grades, fees, and student class schedules. On the other hand, the Parents Portal, is limited to the local campus and is only intended for both the parents and the administrators hence, it is not intricate and is easier to use. Moreover, less internet traffic comes as a result of the non – complexity of the system. It also has the capability of sending and receiving messages regarding student concerns. Most of all, the system can be integrated to mobile phones, smartphones, and tablets through the Android Operating System and can still provide accessibility even if offline because of its own database.

Corporate Governance And Shareholders Commerce Essay

Corporate administration and stockholders ‘ wealth have been closely related in history. The two constructs are closely related with different bookmans coming up with their impacts in the organisation. Corporate administration refers to a systematic method of supplying inadvertence and way to the mode in which an organisation operates. Harmonizing to Ruiz-Porras and Lopez-Mateo, corporate administration is concerned with duties and rights of an organisation ‘s direction, stockholders and other stakeholders such as clients and employees. Corporate administration impacts investing determinations of an organisation. Therefore, effectual corporate administration maximizes stockholders wealth and has to be considered when puting. Additionally, Michaelas et al pointed out that effectual corporate administration manages the company internal and external factors which contribute to stockholders ‘ wealth. The writers argued that, houses with effectual corporate administratio n prosper in planetary and domestic market whichultimately maximize stockholders ‘ wealth ( Michaelas, et Al, 1999 ) . Premier Oil is involved in the production of oil and gas, geographic expedition and development. The company is interested in oil and gas in North Sea, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. It has its central office in the UK, London, and has 638 employees by December 2011. It recorded ?827 million as gross in the financial twelvemonth stoping December 2011, an increase of 8 % as compared to twelvemonth 201, besides made a net income of ?175 million in the twelvemonth 2011 an increase of 38 % as compared to twelvemonth 2010. And a net net income of ?171 million during the twelvemonth 2011, an increase of 32 % as compared to twelvemonth 2010. This study is looking at if corporate administration maximizes stockholders wealth of the Premier Oil PCL and its public presentation over a period of four old ages that is 2008 through 2011. This is done by seting in to consideration the company ‘s balance sheet, income statement, hard currency flows statement and the ratios statement. Over the old ages at that place has been recorded an betterment in the hard currency influxs verses escapes every bit good as an improved net income and company liquidness ( Aswath 2007 ) . Even if liabilities as compared to capital increased, during the old fiscal twelvemonth to 44 % , the company is within the Gas, Consumable Fuels and Oil industry ‘s norms. Second, although the liquid assets can non fulfill current liability duties, the Net incomes that were realized are equal to provide for the debts. Harmonizing to the hard currency influxs recorded the company is effectual as in comparing to others in that industry. By December 31 2011, the company had ?205M as ungathered receivable ( Doyle Et Al. 2000 ) . Corporate administration The stakeholders of this company are the stockholders, debitors, creditors, direction, the Board of Director, providers, clients the authorities, and the general populace. Each of these has a distinguishable function to play, as per the organisation ‘s policies. Premier company is a profit-making organisation whose primary end is to maximise the wealth of the stockholders. Therefore, the stockholders have to guarantee that they have met the company ‘s capital part demands. In other words, a portion from supplying fundss, they straight and indirectly take part in the direction procedure of the company. This implies that they oversee the enlisting procedure for the executive and non-executive managers. At the same clip, it is their duty to do effectual and executable determinations in the company ( Graham 2010 ) . As already highlighted, the company has an Executive Board of Directors. This is under the chairmanship of Sir David John. This is the top most organized portion in this organisation, which is carefully appointed by the stockholders. Their major function is to supply the organisation with professional and experiential advice before doing any major determination which affects the full company. This is a baronial thought, because it provides the organisation with the ability to get the service of these experts cheaply. Prosecuting them as parttime workers enables the company to bask such services, which would otherwise be so expensive. The executive board works in concurrence with the non-executive board, which is headed by Mike Welt and Joe Darbi ( Mintzberg 1994 ) . At the same clip, Premier Company regards the involvement of other participants, every bit good. Although, the major aim is to maximise net income, it has become the company ‘s policy to safeguard the involvement of all the other stakeholders. Therefore, in its administration, the company consults groups like the providers, clients, public, and authorities. Oil and gas trade is going really moneymaking. Therefore, it has attracted a batch of participants doing competition stiffer than of all time. In this respect, the company ‘s direction involves each of these in major decision-making. The providers are seasonably and efficaciously paid their dues ; no clients are given measure merchandises as per their outlook. Meanwhile, authorities policies are implemented to avoid legal hassle ( Larson et al. , 1996 ) . Co-operate Governance Theories The theories discussed below give an penetration in corporate administration. Agency Theory In the Premier Company, stockholders are the top most decision-making parties. As the investors, they have a direct control in all the coevalss of the organisation. Because of this, they have felt it better to co-operate with agents to move on their behalf. In the construction of the organisation, there is the Board of Directors ; the Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) and regional and state managers. Under them, there are the departmental directors oversing the operations of the finance, legal, human resource, gross revenues, selling, buying, operations, and geographic expedition sections ( Doyle Et Al. 2000 ) . These are the professionals specialized in the countries in which they are attached. All of them are given a full clip occupation, so as to acquire adequate clip to to the full dispatch their responsibilities with less restraint. In order to see the answerability and quality end product, direction has come up with schemes to transparently engage them on virtue, supervise, proctor, and actuate them. Each of them is entitled to a good working conditions and attractive wage bundles. Besides, they are involved in a batch of bureaucratic processs to see their boundaries are clearly outlined to do certain that there is harmoniousness and cooperation in all the sections. This is a good motivation because it has helped to actuate these executives. Hence, they have got satisfaction in functioning this organisation. This has motivated them to be focused on the achievement of the organisation ‘s ends ( Brassington & A ; Pettitt 2006 ) . Resources Dependence Theory Premier Oil Company besides relies on the Non-Executive Board. The determination to integrate non-executive squad has helped this company a great trade. It was the stockholder ‘s position that such a board would dwell of high export from different Fieldss after carefully being selected. They would steward the company towards accomplishing both its long and short-run ends. However, in order to make this, they would be expected to demo their dedication and committedness in whatever activity they undertake. It was aware determination because it has enabled the company recognize a enormous growing. The Non-executive Board advises and counsels the Executive Board. Furthermore, in the association of this company, personalities like Welton have enabled it to reconstruct its repute. Therefore, it has won the assurances ( Becht et al. 2003 ) . Decision Premier Oil is an energy company to think with. Its model administration has expanded it from a mere public company to a transnational. The engagement of all the stakeholders in its personal businesss has enabled it to set up a good relationship with all of them. As a consequence, it has managed to enormously turn, therefore crushing all the odds and ends up being one of the bluish bit companies in London. As per the ratios the premier oil company can be said to be sound in its liquidness although is debitors ratios were negative. In footings of Capital it can besides be said to be making good. The company is in a good status to put in for the investors. Recommendations Admiting the successes of the corporate administration, it would be wise to seek and implement the undermentioned recommendations. The direction should see diversifying its activities. Specializing in oil and gas distribution map jeopardizes the fiscal stableness of the company. Alternatively, it should see embarking in other merchandises, such as excavation. This would enable the company to manage the hazards that would happen impacting specifically the energy industry. Premier Oil Company should non merely concentrate on the stockholders as the lone of import participants in its operation. Alternatively, there should be a displacement from this height. The stockholders should non necessary play a dominant function through. The administration scheme of this company should be reviewed. It should non be merely task-oriented. Alternatively, there should be a more human oriented attack, so as to give the work force free infinite to show they creativeness, fresh linguistic communication, and entrepreneurial accomplishments.